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- <text id=89TT1944>
- <title>
- July 24, 1989: Trying To Decipher Babel
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- July 24, 1989 Fateful Voyage:The Exxon Valdez
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- TECHNOLOGY, Page 62
- Trying to Decipher Babel
- </hdr><body>
- <p>Japanese translating machines make languages less foreign
- </p>
- <p>By Barry Hillenbrand/Tokyo
- </p>
- <p> The machine clearly does not like poetry. It won't touch
- the stuff. Nor is it very fond of novels. Theoretically, it
- could cope with some of Hemingway's short, simple sentences,
- though it could never make anything of long, convoluted passages
- from Faulkner. But give the Toshiba AS-TRANSAC computer a
- thoroughly dull, straightforward instruction manual, and it will
- earnestly chomp its way through page after page. What it does
- with those pages is the amazing part. The Toshiba machine has
- linguistic ability far beyond the powers of past generations of
- computers: it can translate, at least crudely, one language into
- another. In this case, the computer converts simple English into
- serviceable, if stilted Japanese.
- </p>
- <p> The AS-TRANSAC is one of more than half a dozen
- machine-translation systems being energetically developed in
- Japan. With their strong thirst for information from other
- nations and a growing need to disseminate their documents around
- the world, the Japanese urgently require computers that can
- translate. A few machines, such as the Toshiba model and
- Fujitsu's Atlas system, are already in operation, helping
- Japanese companies like Mazda translate technical material. A
- powerful computer called SHALT, designed by IBM Japan, is being
- used extensively for in-house translations. In 1988 SHALT
- converted four IBM manuals from English into Japanese. This year
- the target is 20 to 30. Predicts Kiyotaka Yasui, manager of the
- language and image-technology section at IBM Japan's Tokyo
- research laboratory: "In five years the internal-publication
- department of IBM Japan will be fulfilling 100% of its
- translation requirements via machines."
- </p>
- <p> But human translators should have no fear that their jobs
- are imperiled -- at least for now. None of the new systems are
- yet able to take a page of text and render it unerringly into
- a different language without the aid of a bilingual editor who
- can fine-tune the output for ambiguities in the vocabulary, to
- say nothing of shades of meaning. "A truly automatic system is
- a dream at the moment," admits Makoto Ihara, manager of
- Toshiba's computer product-planning department. Says Kazunori
- Muraki, a leading researcher at NEC: "Machine translation is
- only to reduce the work involved in human translation."
- </p>
- <p> And that it does. The present generation of
- machine-translation systems, which are priced between $30,000
- and $70,000, can nearly double the output of translators of
- technical documents. The savings, especially for small firms
- unable to maintain a large staff of skilled translators, can be
- considerable.
- </p>
- <p> "Seven or eight years ago," says Koichi Takeda, a
- researcher at IBM Japan, "everyone was saying machine
- translation was a technology of the future. But now we have it."
- </p>
- <p> Considering the complexity of the task, the progress in
- machine translation has been startling. Essentially, the
- translating machine analyzes the syntax of an English sentence,
- determining its grammatical structure and identifying, for
- example, the subject, verb, objects and modifiers. Then the
- words are translated by an English-Japanese dictionary. Next,
- another part of the computer program analyzes the resulting
- awkward jumble of words and meanings, and generates an
- intelligible sentence based on the rules of Japanese syntax and
- the machine's understanding of what the original English
- sentence meant.
- </p>
- <p> That is not as simple as it sounds (assuming it sounds
- simple at all). Each computer company has devised strikingly
- different sets of programs to deal with the fiendish
- complexities of the two languages. One step in the IBM system,
- for example, refashions the English sentence structure and word
- order to resemble Japanese syntax. The result occasionally reads
- like the faulty work of a ninth-grade Japanese student of
- English. The articles and subjects are gone, and the verb
- dangles clumsily at the end. Only after the English sentence has
- been transformed into Japanese syntax are the words translated.
- </p>
- <p> Japan's computer makers are developing machines that can
- translate freely among several different languages. Fujitsu,
- for example, has a prototype called Atlas 2 that can deal with
- Japanese, French, German and English. In the near future,
- Spanish, Chinese and Korean will be added. To make such systems
- as simple as possible, programmers have invented a coded,
- largely numerical language called "interlingual."
- </p>
- <p> Instead of translating directly from Japanese into German,
- the computer would translate from Japanese into interlingual and
- then into German. This process cuts down on the number of
- dictionaries that programmers have to construct. A
- Japanese-interlingual dictionary would be needed, but not a
- Japanese-German, Japanese-French or Japanese-Spanish. Explains
- Hiroshi Uchida, a researcher at Fujitsu: "If we did not use
- interlingual, then each pair of languages would require the
- development of a specific set of grammatical rules and a
- bilingual dictionary. Interlingual acts as the hub of a wheel."
- </p>
- <p> The market for such machines will be vast. Says Yasuyo
- Kikuta, a researcher in artificial intelligence at Fujitsu:
- "Since we Japanese have so much trouble in the area of foreign
- languages, machine translation is the kind of tool all Japanese
- desire." And since many people in other nations are not
- linguistic whizzes either, sales of the electronic translators
- should be brisk around the world.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
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